Analysis of Socioeconomic and Demographic Characteristics of Female Participation in The Labor Market in Indonesia
Article Sidebar
Issue
Vol. 20 No. 1 (2025)
Keywords:
-
FLFP, Sosioeconomic, Demographic, Labor Market, Error Correction Model TPAK Perempuan, Sosial-Ekonomi, Demografi, Pasar Tenaga Kerja, Error Correction Model
Abstract
Indonesia has the third lowest FLFP with the second highest gender gap in Southeast Asia in the labor market dimension despite an almost equal male and female population. This study analyzes the short-run and long-run relationship between socioeconomic and demographic characteristics on female participation in the labor market. The method used is the Error Correction Model (ECM). The results show that wage/salaried workers, female average years of schooling, and net migration have short-run and long-run effects on FLFP. Meanwhile, the unemployment rate, female participation in higher education, and child population have no impact in the short-run but have a significant effect in the long-run. The adjustment process from short-run to long-run equilibrium is 55.2% in the first year, while 44.8% in the following years has an adjustment time of 1.81 years. This study suggests the need to strengthen quality and flexible employment policies, inclusive education, and support gender-friendly policies, such as childcare services and maternity leave, to increase female participation in the labor market.
Full text article
Generated from XML file
References
Altuzarra, A., Gálvez-Gálvez, C., & González-Flores, A. (2019). Economic Development and Female Labour Force Participation: The Case of European Union Countries. Sustainability, 11(7), 1962. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11071962
Bappenas. (2018). Kesetaraan Gender: Mencapai Kesetaraan Gender dan Memberdayakan Kaum Perempuan. Kementerian Perencanaan Pembangunan Nasional/Badan Perencanaan Pembangunan Nasional Republik Indonesia. https://sdgs.bappenas.go.id/17-goals/goal-5/
Barsua, N. P. E. U., Harum, N. S., Boeaya, M. A., & Gurusinga, W. U. (2024). Analisis Determinan Nilai Ekspor Kopi Indonesia (Dampak Nilai Tukar Rupiah, Investasi Asing Langsung dan Harga Kopi Dunia). JIA (Jurnal Ilmiah Agribisnis)?: Jurnal Agribisnis Dan Ilmu Sosial Ekonomi Pertanian, 9(4), 327–337. https://doi.org/10.37149/jia.v9i4.1338
Becker, G. S. (1965). A Theory of the Allocation of Time. The Economic Journal, 75(299), 493. https://doi.org/10.2307/2228949
Becker, G. S. (1975). Human Capital: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis, with Special Reference to Education (2nd ed.). National Bureau of Economic Research. http://www.nber.org/books/beck75-1
Borjas, G. J. (1999). The Economic Analysis of Immigration (Vol. 3, pp. 1697–1760). Elsevier Science B. V. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1573-4463(99)03009-6
Boserup, E. (1970). Woman’s Role in Economic Development (1st ed.). St. Martin’s Press.
Boserup, E., Tan, S. F., & Toulmin, C. (2013). Woman’s Role in Economic Development. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315065892
BPS. (2023). Indeks Ketimpangan Gender 2022 (Vol. 1). BPS.
BPS. (2024a). Indeks Ketimpangan Gender.
BPS. (2024b). Persentase Penduduk yang Hidup di Bawah Garis Kemiskinan Nasional, Menurut Jenis Kelamin (Persen), 2024.
BPS. (2024c). Sumbangan Pendapatan Perempuan (Persen), 2022-2023.
Cools, S., Markussen, S., & Strøm, M. (2017). Children and Careers: How Family Size Affects Parents’ Labor Market Outcomes in the Long Run. Demography, 54(5), 1773–1793. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-017-0612-0
Fadayomi, T., & Olurinola, I. O. (2014). Determinants of Labour Force Participation in Nigeria: The Influence of Household Structure. Journal of Economics and Development Studies, 2(2), 169–190. https://doi.org/10.15640/jeds
Gujarati, D. N., & Porter, D. C. (2009). Basic Econometrics (5th ed.). McGraw-Hill/Irwin.
Hendrizal, Joni, M., Hijrat, K., Wandi, J. I., & Afnita, N. (2024). Investasi Pendidikan dalam Meningkatkan Kesejahteraan Ekonomi Masyarakat. El-Kahfi: Journal of Islamic Economics, 5(01), 81–90. https://doi.org/10.58958/elkahfi.v5i01.232
Hosney, S. H. (2016). Factors Influencing Female Labor Force Participation in Egypt and Germany: A Comparative Study (826; SOEPpapers on Multidisciplinary Panel Data Research).
ILO. (2024, February 6). Labor Force Participation Rate, Female (% of Female Population Ages 15+) (Modeled ILO Estimate). International Labour Organization. https://ilostat.ilo.org/data/
Karim, M. Al, Utomo, G. J., & Fauziah, B. (2019). Kualitas Hidup dan Pertumbuhan Ekonomi, Studi Kasus DKI Jakarta dan Daerah Penyangganya. Jurnal Pembangunan Wilayah & Kota, 15(3). https://doi.org/10.14710/pwk.v15i3.22287
Kartiasih, F., & Setiawan, A. (2020). Aplikasi Error Correction Mechanism Dalam Analisis Dampak Pertumbuhan Ekonomi, Konsumsi Energi Dan Perdagangan Internasional Terhadap Emisi Co2 Di Indonesia. Media Statistika, 13(1), 104–115. https://doi.org/10.14710/medstat.13.1.104-115
Kiani, A. Q. (2013). Determinants of Female Labor Force Participation. ASEAN Marketing Journal, 1(2). https://doi.org/10.21002/amj.v1i2.1986
Lütkepohl, H., & Kratzig, M. (2004). Applied Times Series.
Mincer, J. (1962). Labor Force Participation of Married Women: A Study of Labor Supply. Princeton University Press. http://www.nber.org/books/univ62-2
Nuraeni, Y., & Suryono, I. L. (2021). Analisis Kesetaraan Gender dalam Bidang Ketenagakerjaan di Indonesia. Nakhoda: Jurnal Ilmu Pemerintahan, 20(1). https://doi.org/10.35967/njip.v20i1.134
Park, H. M. (2006). Univariate Analysis and Normality Test Using SAS, STATA, and SPSS. Measurement, January, 1–67.
Pederzini, C., & Meza, L. (2024). Labor Force Participation of Central American Migrant Women in Mexico. Social Sciences, 13(3), 135. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci13030135
Prastyo, M. Y. (2022, January 20). Partisipasi Angkatan Kerja Perempuan Ditargetkan Capai 55% di 2024. DetikFinance, 1–6.
Pratomo, D. S. (2017). Pendidikan Dan Partisipasi Angkatan Kerja Wanita Di Indonesia: Analisis Terhadap Hipotesis Kurva-U. Jurnal Ekonomi Kuantitatif Terapan. https://doi.org/10.24843/JEKT.2017.v10.i01.p01
Qinfen Ma. (2017). Female Labor Force Participation in Malaysia: Time-Series Evidence. South East Asia Journal of Contemporary Business, Economics and Law, 14(3), 1–7.
Radha, N., & Uwiyono, A. (2023). Perbandingan Kesetaraan Hak Pekerja Perempuan dalam Ruang Lingkup Ketenagakerjaan di Indonesia dan Amerika Serikat. COMSERVA Indonesian Jurnal of Community Services and Development, 2(11), 2771–2789. https://doi.org/10.59141/comserva.v2i11.669
Schaner, S., & Das, S. (2016). Female Labor Force Participation in Asia: Indonesia Country Study. In SSRN Electronic Journal (474; ADB Economics Working Paper Series, Issue 474). https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2737842
Silva, H. G., & Herrera-Idáraga, P. (2023). Culture, Gender, and Labor Force Participation: Evidence from Colombia. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4575892
Suhaib, A. M., & Kartiasih, F. (2024). Pengaruh Teknologi Digital terhadap Partisipasi Perempuan dalam Angkatan Kerja di Provinsi Papua. Jurnal Ketenagakerjaan, 19(2), 218–232. https://doi.org/10.47198/jnaker.v19i2.342
Ta?seven, Ö., Alta?, D., & ÜN, T. (2016). The Determinants of Female Labor Force Participation for OECD Countries. International Journal of Economic Studies, 2(2), 27–38.
Triggs, A., & Urata, S. (2020). Achieving Inclusive Growth in the Asia Pacific. Australian National University Press. https://doi.org/10.22459/AIGAP.2020
UNESCO. (2024, June 16). Mean Years of Schooling (ISCED 1 or Higher). UNESCO Institute for Statistics.
Utomo, A. (2018). Revisiting the Trends of Female Labour Force Participation in Indonesia. Jurnal Perempuan, 23(4), 193. https://doi.org/10.34309/jp.v23i4.274
Widyarta, I. K. P., Samosir, C. P. D., Aysyah, P., & Kartiasih, F. (2024). Revisiting Unemployment in Indonesia: Error Correction Model (ECM) Analysis . Jurnal Akuntansi, Manajemen, Bisnis Dan Teknologi, 4(2), 222–241. https://doi.org/10.56870/4q9ctm59
Yunara, E., Yeni, I., & Irfan, M. I. (2023). Pengaruh Pemberdayaan Perempuan Dalam Ekonomi Dan Politik Terhadap Pembangunan Perempuan di Provinsi Sumatera Barat. Jurnal Kajian Ekonomi Dan Pembangunan, 5(2), 79. https://doi.org/10.24036/jkep.v5i2.14862
Ziegel, E. R., & Enders, W. (2015). Applied Econometric Time Series. In Technometrics (Vol. 37, Issue 4). https://doi.org/10.2307/1269759
Bappenas. (2018). Kesetaraan Gender: Mencapai Kesetaraan Gender dan Memberdayakan Kaum Perempuan. Kementerian Perencanaan Pembangunan Nasional/Badan Perencanaan Pembangunan Nasional Republik Indonesia. https://sdgs.bappenas.go.id/17-goals/goal-5/
Barsua, N. P. E. U., Harum, N. S., Boeaya, M. A., & Gurusinga, W. U. (2024). Analisis Determinan Nilai Ekspor Kopi Indonesia (Dampak Nilai Tukar Rupiah, Investasi Asing Langsung dan Harga Kopi Dunia). JIA (Jurnal Ilmiah Agribisnis)?: Jurnal Agribisnis Dan Ilmu Sosial Ekonomi Pertanian, 9(4), 327–337. https://doi.org/10.37149/jia.v9i4.1338
Becker, G. S. (1965). A Theory of the Allocation of Time. The Economic Journal, 75(299), 493. https://doi.org/10.2307/2228949
Becker, G. S. (1975). Human Capital: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis, with Special Reference to Education (2nd ed.). National Bureau of Economic Research. http://www.nber.org/books/beck75-1
Borjas, G. J. (1999). The Economic Analysis of Immigration (Vol. 3, pp. 1697–1760). Elsevier Science B. V. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1573-4463(99)03009-6
Boserup, E. (1970). Woman’s Role in Economic Development (1st ed.). St. Martin’s Press.
Boserup, E., Tan, S. F., & Toulmin, C. (2013). Woman’s Role in Economic Development. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315065892
BPS. (2023). Indeks Ketimpangan Gender 2022 (Vol. 1). BPS.
BPS. (2024a). Indeks Ketimpangan Gender.
BPS. (2024b). Persentase Penduduk yang Hidup di Bawah Garis Kemiskinan Nasional, Menurut Jenis Kelamin (Persen), 2024.
BPS. (2024c). Sumbangan Pendapatan Perempuan (Persen), 2022-2023.
Cools, S., Markussen, S., & Strøm, M. (2017). Children and Careers: How Family Size Affects Parents’ Labor Market Outcomes in the Long Run. Demography, 54(5), 1773–1793. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-017-0612-0
Fadayomi, T., & Olurinola, I. O. (2014). Determinants of Labour Force Participation in Nigeria: The Influence of Household Structure. Journal of Economics and Development Studies, 2(2), 169–190. https://doi.org/10.15640/jeds
Gujarati, D. N., & Porter, D. C. (2009). Basic Econometrics (5th ed.). McGraw-Hill/Irwin.
Hendrizal, Joni, M., Hijrat, K., Wandi, J. I., & Afnita, N. (2024). Investasi Pendidikan dalam Meningkatkan Kesejahteraan Ekonomi Masyarakat. El-Kahfi: Journal of Islamic Economics, 5(01), 81–90. https://doi.org/10.58958/elkahfi.v5i01.232
Hosney, S. H. (2016). Factors Influencing Female Labor Force Participation in Egypt and Germany: A Comparative Study (826; SOEPpapers on Multidisciplinary Panel Data Research).
ILO. (2024, February 6). Labor Force Participation Rate, Female (% of Female Population Ages 15+) (Modeled ILO Estimate). International Labour Organization. https://ilostat.ilo.org/data/
Karim, M. Al, Utomo, G. J., & Fauziah, B. (2019). Kualitas Hidup dan Pertumbuhan Ekonomi, Studi Kasus DKI Jakarta dan Daerah Penyangganya. Jurnal Pembangunan Wilayah & Kota, 15(3). https://doi.org/10.14710/pwk.v15i3.22287
Kartiasih, F., & Setiawan, A. (2020). Aplikasi Error Correction Mechanism Dalam Analisis Dampak Pertumbuhan Ekonomi, Konsumsi Energi Dan Perdagangan Internasional Terhadap Emisi Co2 Di Indonesia. Media Statistika, 13(1), 104–115. https://doi.org/10.14710/medstat.13.1.104-115
Kiani, A. Q. (2013). Determinants of Female Labor Force Participation. ASEAN Marketing Journal, 1(2). https://doi.org/10.21002/amj.v1i2.1986
Lütkepohl, H., & Kratzig, M. (2004). Applied Times Series.
Mincer, J. (1962). Labor Force Participation of Married Women: A Study of Labor Supply. Princeton University Press. http://www.nber.org/books/univ62-2
Nuraeni, Y., & Suryono, I. L. (2021). Analisis Kesetaraan Gender dalam Bidang Ketenagakerjaan di Indonesia. Nakhoda: Jurnal Ilmu Pemerintahan, 20(1). https://doi.org/10.35967/njip.v20i1.134
Park, H. M. (2006). Univariate Analysis and Normality Test Using SAS, STATA, and SPSS. Measurement, January, 1–67.
Pederzini, C., & Meza, L. (2024). Labor Force Participation of Central American Migrant Women in Mexico. Social Sciences, 13(3), 135. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci13030135
Prastyo, M. Y. (2022, January 20). Partisipasi Angkatan Kerja Perempuan Ditargetkan Capai 55% di 2024. DetikFinance, 1–6.
Pratomo, D. S. (2017). Pendidikan Dan Partisipasi Angkatan Kerja Wanita Di Indonesia: Analisis Terhadap Hipotesis Kurva-U. Jurnal Ekonomi Kuantitatif Terapan. https://doi.org/10.24843/JEKT.2017.v10.i01.p01
Qinfen Ma. (2017). Female Labor Force Participation in Malaysia: Time-Series Evidence. South East Asia Journal of Contemporary Business, Economics and Law, 14(3), 1–7.
Radha, N., & Uwiyono, A. (2023). Perbandingan Kesetaraan Hak Pekerja Perempuan dalam Ruang Lingkup Ketenagakerjaan di Indonesia dan Amerika Serikat. COMSERVA Indonesian Jurnal of Community Services and Development, 2(11), 2771–2789. https://doi.org/10.59141/comserva.v2i11.669
Schaner, S., & Das, S. (2016). Female Labor Force Participation in Asia: Indonesia Country Study. In SSRN Electronic Journal (474; ADB Economics Working Paper Series, Issue 474). https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2737842
Silva, H. G., & Herrera-Idáraga, P. (2023). Culture, Gender, and Labor Force Participation: Evidence from Colombia. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4575892
Suhaib, A. M., & Kartiasih, F. (2024). Pengaruh Teknologi Digital terhadap Partisipasi Perempuan dalam Angkatan Kerja di Provinsi Papua. Jurnal Ketenagakerjaan, 19(2), 218–232. https://doi.org/10.47198/jnaker.v19i2.342
Ta?seven, Ö., Alta?, D., & ÜN, T. (2016). The Determinants of Female Labor Force Participation for OECD Countries. International Journal of Economic Studies, 2(2), 27–38.
Triggs, A., & Urata, S. (2020). Achieving Inclusive Growth in the Asia Pacific. Australian National University Press. https://doi.org/10.22459/AIGAP.2020
UNESCO. (2024, June 16). Mean Years of Schooling (ISCED 1 or Higher). UNESCO Institute for Statistics.
Utomo, A. (2018). Revisiting the Trends of Female Labour Force Participation in Indonesia. Jurnal Perempuan, 23(4), 193. https://doi.org/10.34309/jp.v23i4.274
Widyarta, I. K. P., Samosir, C. P. D., Aysyah, P., & Kartiasih, F. (2024). Revisiting Unemployment in Indonesia: Error Correction Model (ECM) Analysis . Jurnal Akuntansi, Manajemen, Bisnis Dan Teknologi, 4(2), 222–241. https://doi.org/10.56870/4q9ctm59
Yunara, E., Yeni, I., & Irfan, M. I. (2023). Pengaruh Pemberdayaan Perempuan Dalam Ekonomi Dan Politik Terhadap Pembangunan Perempuan di Provinsi Sumatera Barat. Jurnal Kajian Ekonomi Dan Pembangunan, 5(2), 79. https://doi.org/10.24036/jkep.v5i2.14862
Ziegel, E. R., & Enders, W. (2015). Applied Econometric Time Series. In Technometrics (Vol. 37, Issue 4). https://doi.org/10.2307/1269759
Authors
Raihannabil, S. D., Ghaista, I., Susiawati, N. L. P. A. and Kartiasih, F. (2025) “Analysis of Socioeconomic and Demographic Characteristics of Female Participation in The Labor Market in Indonesia”, Jurnal Ketenagakerjaan, 20(1). Available at: https://journals.kemnaker.go.id/index.php/naker/article/view/464 (Accessed: 20 August 2025).
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.