Empowering Indonesia's Ageing Workforce: A Strategic Roadmap for Sustainable Economic Growth
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Issue
Vol. 19 No. 3 (2024)
Keywords:
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Ageing Population, Elderly Workforce Empowerment, Re-employment Programs, Silver Economy, Sustainable Economic Strategy
Abstract
Indonesia is expected to reach its demographic dividend peak by 2035. After this period, the productive-age population will transition into an ageing population, increasing dependency on the working-age group. This demographic shift demands holistic policies to create age-friendly work environments, empower the elderly, and ensure inclusive protection to sustain Indonesia’s economy. By 2050, the population aged 65 and above will reach 56 million, with life expectancy increasing to 79.64 years. In 2023, approximately 53.93% of Indonesia’s elderly population remained employed. Although Presidential Regulation No. 88/2021 addresses the National Elderly Strategy, it requires revision to enhance the empowerment and protection of elderly workers. Learning from other countries, ASEAN nations like Singapore and Malaysia have enacted re-employment laws for workers over 60. At the same time, Japan and South Korea implement re-employment programs, training, and workforce placement for the elderly. To address the ageing population, Indonesia must develop a comprehensive national strategy, including re-employment schemes, skill development, entrepreneurship, social protection, and the silver economy. A five-year roadmap (2025-2029) outlines the strategy’s phased implementation: strengthening policies and public awareness in 2025, program implementation in 2026, expansion of re-employment and entrepreneurship in 2027, silver economy development in 2028, and program sustainability by 2029.
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References
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Badan Pusat Statistik. (2021). Profil Penduduk Indonesia Hasil Sensus Penduduk 2020. Badan Pusat Statistik.
Badan Pusat Statistik. (2022). Survei Sosial Ekonomi Nasional (Susenas). Badan Pusat Statistik
Badan Pusat Statistik. (2022). Statistik Penduduk Lanjut Usia 2022. Badan Pusat Statistik.
Badan Pusat Statistik. (2023). Proyeksi Penduduk Indonesia 2020-2050 Hasil Sensus Penduduk 2020. Badan Pusat Statistik
Badan Pusat Statistik. (2023). Statistik Penduduk Lanjut Usia 2023. Badan Pusat Statistik
Badan Pusat Statistik. (2023). Keadaan angkatan kerja Indonesia Februari 2023. Badan Pusat Statistik.
Badan Pusat Statistik. (2023). Keadaan Angkatan Kerja Indonesia Agusstus 2023. Badan Pusat Statistik
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Badan Pusat Statistik. (2024). Keadaan angkatan kerja Indonesia Februari 2024. Badan Pusat Statistik.
Adioetomo, S. M., Cicih, L. M., & Asmanedi, T. R. (2018). Menjadi lansia tangguh: antara anugerah dan tantangan. Memetik bonus demografi membangun manusia sejak dini. Rajawali Pers, 299.
Adioetomo, S. M., & Pardede, E. L. (2022). Older Persons in Indonesia: Sources of Income and Social Protection. In Handbook of Aging, Health and Public Policy: Perspectives from Asia (pp. 1-16). Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore.
Amri, Y. (2020). Faktor Sosial Dan Demografi Yang Berhubungan Dengan Pekerja Lanjut Usia Di Indonesia (Analisis Data SUSENAS Tahun 2017) (Doctoral dissertation, Universitas Gadjah Mada).
Asher, M. G. (2018). "Retirement Systems and Old Age Income Support in East and Southeast Asia." Asian Economic Policy Review.
Asian Development Bank. (2019). Demographic Dividend Opportunities for Asia. ADB Publications.
Beier, M. E., & Kanfer, R. (2013). Work performance and the older worker. The SAGE handbook of aging, work and society, 97-117.
Billett, S., Dymock, D., Johnson, G., & Martin, G. (2011). Overcoming the paradox of employers' views about older workers. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 22(06), 1248-1261.
Bloom, D. E., Canning, D., & Sevilla, J. (2003). The Demographic Dividend: A New Perspective on the Economic Consequences of Population Change. RAND Corporation.
Bloom, D. E., Kuhn, M., & Prettner, K. (2019). Health and Economic Growth: Reconciling the Micro and Macro Evidence. Elsevier.
Bojani?, I. B., & Erceg, A. (2017). Silver economy: Demographic change and economic opportunity. Under the auspices of the President of the Republic of Croatia, 1005.
Debroux, P. (2022). Employment of senior workers in Japan. Contemporary Japan, 34(1), 58-86.
European Commission. (2020). The Silver Economy: Opportunities and Challenges of an Ageing Society. European Union.
Farrow, A., & Reynolds, F. (2012). Health and safety of the older worker. Occupational Medicine, 62(1), 4-11.
Felix, J. (2016). Silver economy: opportunities and challenges to Brazil adopt the European Union’s strategy. Innovation: The European Journal of Social Science Research, 29(2), 115-133.
Harris, K., Krygsman, S., Waschenko, J., & Laliberte Rudman, D. (2018). Ageism and the older worker: A scoping review. The Gerontologist, 58(2), e1-e14.
Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos (INDEC). (2021). Argentina's Aging Population: A Statistical Overview. Buenos Aires: INDEC.
International Labour Organization. (2018). Extending Working Lives: How to Make it Work. International Labour Organization.
International Labour Organization. (2020). Global Employment Trends for Youth 2020. ILO.
Jin, Y., Fukahori, R., & Morgavi, H. (2016). Labour market transitions in Italy: Job separation, re-employment and policy implications.
Kajitani, S. (2006). Japan's reemployment system and work incentives for the elderly. ???????, 56(3), 51-65.
Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. (2021). Profil Kesehatan Indonesia 2020. Kementerian Kesehatan RI.
Kodama, T. (2015). Elderly Employment in Japan. Economic Research Dept. Japanese report, 13.
Krekula, C., & Vickerstaff, S. (2020). The ‘older worker’and the ‘ideal worker’: A critical examination of concepts and categorisations in the rhetoric of extending working lives. Extended working life policies: International gender and health perspectives, 29-45.
McCarthy, J., Heraty, N., Cross, C., & Cleveland, J. N. (2014). Who is considered an ‘older worker'? Extending our conceptualisation of ‘older’from an organisational decision maker perspective. Human Resource Management Journal, 24(4), 374-393.
McGuirk, H., Conway Lenihan, A., & Lenihan, N. (2022). Awareness and potential of the silver economy for enterprises: a European regional level study. Small Enterprise Research, 29(1), 6-19.
Ministerio de Trabajo, Empleo y Seguridad Social. (2021). Elderly Entrepreneurship Programs. Buenos Aires: Ministry of Labor
Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare Japan. (2020). Annual Health, Labour and Welfare Report. Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare Japan
Ministry of Labour and Social Welfare. (2022). Senior Employment Programs in Chile. Santiago, Chile: Ministry of Labour
National Institute of Statistics of Chile (INE). (2021). Chile Demographic Report. Santiago, Chile: INE
Ng, T. W., & Feldman, D. C. (2012). Evaluating six common stereotypes about older workers with meta?analytical data. Personnel psychology, 65(4), 821-858.
OECD (2020). The Impact of Ageing on Employment: Trends and Policy Responses in OECD Countries. OECD Publishing.
OECD. (2021). Ageing and Employment Policies: Working Better with Age. OECD Publishing
Posthuma, R. A., & Campion, M. A. (2009). "Age Stereotypes in the Workplace: Common Stereotypes, Moderators, and Future Research Directions." Journal of Management.
Rijanta, R., Listyaningsih, U., & Amri, Y. (2022). Faktor sosial dan demografi yang berhubungan dengan pekerja lansia di Indonesia. Jurnal Litbang Sukowati: Media Penelitian Dan Pengembangan, 5(2), 1-11.
Rogelj, V., & Bogataj, D. (2019). Social infrastructure of Silver Economy: Literature review and Research agenda. IFAC-PapersOnLine, 52(13), 2680-2685.
Servicio Nacional de Capacitación y Empleo (SENCE). (2021). Employment Training Programs for Senior Workers.
Setiyowati, D. (2021). Kewirausahaan lansia: Solusi ketenagakerjaan di usia lanjut. Jurnal Ekonomi Indonesia, 9(1), 45-58.
Suryawati, N., Don, M. D., Peka, Y. W., PH, I. F., Pratama, J., & Boedi, T. W. (2020). Pemberdayaan Wanita Lanjut Usia Yang Produktif Melalui Kegiatan Pelatihan Kerajinan Tangan Yang Bernilai Ekonomis. Jurnal Pengabdian Masyarakat Manage, 1(1), 18-24.
Taneva, S. K., Arnold, J., & Nicolson, R. (2016). The experience of being an older worker in an organization: A qualitative analysis. Work, aging and retirement, 2(4), 396-414.
Taylor, P., Loretto, W., Marshall, V., Earl, C., & Phillipson, C. (2016). The older worker: Identifying a critical research agenda. Social Policy and Society, 15(4), 675-689.
United Nations (2019). World Population Prospects 2019: Highlights. United Nations.
Universidad Nacional de La Plata. (2021). Training Modules for Elderly Entrepreneurs. La Plata: Universidad Nacional de La Plata
Utomo, I. D., & McDonald, P. Inequality of Access to Social Welfare Programs for Older People in Indonesia.
World Health Organization. (2020). World Health Statistics 2020: Monitoring Health for the SDGs. WHO.
WHO (2021). Global Strategy and Action Plan on Ageing and Health. World Health Organization.
Yamamoto, C. (2020). Motivation for and Priority of Work in the Re-employment of EY workers: A Comparative Study between Japan and England. Japanese Journal of Applied Psychology, 46(SpecialEdition), 1-10.
Zacher, H., & Rudolph, C. W. (2023). The construction of the “older worker”. Merits, 3(1), 115-130.
Data Badan Pusat Statistik
Badan Pusat Statistik. (2020). Proyeksi Penduduk Indonesia 2015-2045. Badan Pusat Statistik.
Badan Pusat Statistik. (2020). Proyeksi Penduduk Indonesia 2020-2035. Badan Pusat Statistik.
Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS). (2021). Statistik Penduduk Lanjut Usia. Badan Pusat Statistik
Badan Pusat Statistik. (2021). Profil Penduduk Indonesia Hasil Sensus Penduduk 2020. Badan Pusat Statistik.
Badan Pusat Statistik. (2022). Survei Sosial Ekonomi Nasional (Susenas). Badan Pusat Statistik
Badan Pusat Statistik. (2022). Statistik Penduduk Lanjut Usia 2022. Badan Pusat Statistik.
Badan Pusat Statistik. (2023). Proyeksi Penduduk Indonesia 2020-2050 Hasil Sensus Penduduk 2020. Badan Pusat Statistik
Badan Pusat Statistik. (2023). Statistik Penduduk Lanjut Usia 2023. Badan Pusat Statistik
Badan Pusat Statistik. (2023). Keadaan angkatan kerja Indonesia Februari 2023. Badan Pusat Statistik.
Badan Pusat Statistik. (2023). Keadaan Angkatan Kerja Indonesia Agusstus 2023. Badan Pusat Statistik
Badan Pusat Statistik. (2023). Angka Harapan Hidup di Indonesia Tahun 2021. Diakses dari https://www.bps.go.id.
Badan Pusat Statistik. (2024). Keadaan angkatan kerja Indonesia Februari 2024. Badan Pusat Statistik.
Authors
Roziq, M., Warsida, R. Y., Raharja, H. and Maryani, M. (2024) “Empowering Indonesia’s Ageing Workforce: A Strategic Roadmap for Sustainable Economic Growth”, Jurnal Ketenagakerjaan, 19(3), pp. 295–314. doi: 10.47198/jnaker.v19i3.418.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
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