Factors Affecting the Status of Precarious Employees among Young Workers in the Formal Sector in Central Java Province 2024

Ratih Restiani; Ekaria

doi:10.47198/jnaker.v21i1.572

Ratih Restiani, Ekaria

https://doi.org/10.47198/jnaker.v21i1.572

Issue
Vol. 21 No. 1 (2026)

Keywords:

precarious employment, formal sector, youth, multilevel

PDF

Abstract

The process of job informalization is a condition in which the previously stable formal sector is now increasingly resembling the informal sector, which lacks job security and offers low wages. This phenomenon is consistent with precarious employment, which refers to jobs that lack job stability, social security, and decent income. Young people tend to have limited skills and work experience. This forces young people to accept precarious employment as their only option. This study aims to provide an overview and to identify and analyze the social factors, experiences, and skills of individuals, as well as the socio-economic factors of regencys/cities that influence the precarious employment status among young workers in the formal sector in Central Java in 2024. The data used is sourced from the August 2024 Sakernas survey. The analysis method employed is multilevel binary logistic regression. The results of the study indicate that variables related to experience and skills factor, such as educational level, participation in training, and job tenure, moreover social factor such as marital status, occupation, and union membership, as well as the regional minimum wage (UMK) from socioeconomic factors, significantly influence the precarious employment status of young workers in the formal sector in Central Java Province in 2024.

Full text article

Generated from XML file

References

Ali, M. (2024). Unlocking Opportunities: The Socioeconomic Impact of Quality Education. International Journal of English Literature and Social Sciences, 9(6). https://doi.org/10.22161/ijels
Anderson, C. J., & Pontusson, J. (2007). Workers, worries and welfare states: Social protection and job insecurity in 15 OECD countries. In European Journal of Political Research (Vol. 46, Issue 2, pp. 211–235). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6765.2007.00692.x
Baranowska, A., & Gebel, M. (2010). The determinants of youth temporary employment in the enlarged Europe: Do labour market institutions matter? European Societies, 12(3), 367–390. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616690903165434
Biavaschi, C., Eichhorst, W., Giulietti, C., Kendzia, M. J., Muravyev, A., Pieters, J., Rodríguez-Planas, N., Schmidl, R., & Zimmermann, K. F. (2012). Youth Unemployment and Vocational Training. http://www.worldbank.org/wdr2013.
Booth, A. L., Francesconi, M., & Frank, J. (2002). Temporary jobs: Stepping stones or dead ends? Economic Journal, 112(480), F189–F213. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0297.00043
BPS. (2024a). Booklet Sakernas Agustus 2024. In Badan Pusat Statistik (Vol. 7, Issue 2).
BPS. (2024b). Keadaan Pekerja di Indonesia Tahun 2024.
Broughton, A. (2016). Precarious Employment in Europe: Patterns, Trends and Policy Strategies STUDY.
Chung, H., & van Oorschot, W. (2012). Employment Insecurity of European Individuals During the Financial Crisis: A Multi-Level Approach. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1769770
Cuervo, H., & Chesters, J. (2019). The [im]possibility of planning a future: how prolonged precarious employment during transitions affects the lives of young Australians. Labour & Industry, 29(4), 295–312. https://doi.org/10.1080/10301763.2019.1696654
Fahmi, R. T., Meiji, N. H. P., & Hadi, N. (2021). Dinamika Pekerja Muda Outsourcing: Kegembiraan dan Kerentanan Menuju Risiko Masa Depan. Jurnal Antropologi: Isu-Isu Sosial Budaya, 23(1), 37. https://doi.org/10.25077/jantro.v23.n1.p37-46.2021
Foti, A. (2017). GENERAL THEORY OF THE PRECARIAT?: Great Recession, Revolution, Reaction. Institute OF NETWORK CULT.
Hakansta, C., Gunn, V., Kreshpaj, B., Matilla-Santander, N., Wegman, D. H., Hogstedt, C., Vignola, E. F., Muntaner, C., Bodin, T., O’Campo, P., & Lewchuk, W. (2025). What is the Role of Minimum Wages in Addressing Precarious Employment in the Informal and Formal Sectors? Findings from a Systematic Review. International Journal of Social Determinants of Health and Health Services, 55(2), 124–147. https://doi.org/10.1177/27551938241286463
Jetha, A., Martin Ginis, K. A., Ibrahim, S., & Gignac, M. A. M. (2020). The working disadvantaged: the role of age, job tenure and disability in precarious work. BMC Public Health, 20(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-09938-1
Kachman, M. (2002). Trade Unions and Young People Challenges of the Changing Age.
Kretsos, L., & Livanos, I. (2016). The extent and determinants of precarious employment in Europe. International Journal of Manpower, 37(1), 25–43. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJM-12-2014-0243
La Porta, R., & Shleifer, A. (2014). Informality and development. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 28(3), 109–126. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.28.3.109
Masdonati, J., Massoudi, K., Blustein, D. L., & Duffy, R. D. (2022). Moving Toward Decent Work: Application of the Psychology of Working Theory to the School-to-Work Transition. Journal of Career Development, 49(1), 41–59. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894845321991681
Pontoh, M. R., & Projo, N. W. K. (2021). Micro and Macro Determinants of Precarious Employment in Indonesia: An Empirical Study of Paid Workers using Multilevel Binary Logistic Regression.
Popelo, O., Kychko, I., Tulchynska, S., Zhygalkevych, Z., & Treitiak, O. (2021). The Impact of Digitalization on the Forms Change of Employment and the Labor Market in the Context of the Information Economy Development. IJCSNS International Journal of Computer Science and Network Security, 21(5), 160. https://doi.org/10.22937/IJCSNS.2021.21.5.23
Sapkal, R. S., & Sundar, S. K. R. (2017). Determinants of precarious employment in India: An empirical analysis. Research in the Sociology of Work, 31, 335–361. https://doi.org/10.1108/S0277-283320170000031011
Stuth, S., & Jahn, K. (2020). Young, successful, precarious? Precariousness at the entry stage of employment careers in Germany. Journal of Youth Studies, 23(6), 702–725. https://doi.org/10.1080/13676261.2019.1636945
Tjandraningsih, I., Herawati, R., & Suhadmadi, S. (2010). DISKRIMINATIF dan EKSPLOITATIF.
Utomo, O. P., & Sugiharti, L. (2022). Characteristics and Determinants of Precarious Employment in Indonesia Media Trend. Jurnal Trunojoyo, Media Trend. https://doi.org/10.21107/mediatrend.v17i1.17015
Vosko, L. F. (2006). Precarious Employment: Understanding Labor Market Insecurity in Canada. McGill-Queen’s University Press.

Authors

Ratih Restiani

a:1:{s:5:"en_US";s:30:"STIS Polytechnic of Statistics";}

ratihresti42@gmail.com (Primary Contact)

Ekaria

STIS Polytechnic of Statistics

Restiani, R. and Ekaria (2026) “Factors Affecting the Status of Precarious Employees among Young Workers in the Formal Sector in Central Java Province 2024”, Jurnal Ketenagakerjaan, 21(1). doi: 10.47198/jnaker.v21i1.572.