Variables Affecting Multiple Job Holding Status among Older Workers in Indonesia
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Issue
Vol. 20 No. 2 (2025)
Keywords:
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multiple job holding, elderly workers, binary logistic regression multiple job holding, pekerja lansia, regresi logistik biner
Abstract
As economic and social demands increase, many individuals are compelled to take on multiple jobs, a phenomenon known as multiple job holding (MJH). In Indonesia, the rate of multiple job holders has been rising yearly, and the aging population phenomena increases the potential for older workers to take on multiple jobs. While MJH can offer financial benefits, it may also pose significant challenges, particularly for older workers. Although Indonesia records the highest rate of multiple job holders in Southeast Asia, research on this topic remains limited, and no studies specifically focusing on older workers. This study aims to examine the characteristics of older multiple job holders in Indonesia and the variables that affect them. The data used is Sakernas August 2022 microdata, which is analysed descriptively and inferentially using binary logistic regression. The results reveal that 18.16percent of older workers hold multiple jobs. Older workers who tend to have multiple jobs are young elderly, male, married, educated up to primary school, live in rural areas, have shorter working hours in their main job, and work in the informal sector. The high rate of MJH among older workers shows the need for targeted government interventions, such as intensifying school programs for older adults to improve the quality of their competencies and providing social assistance for older adults according to their age.
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References
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Panos, G. A., Pouliakas, K., & Zangelidis, A. (2014). Multiple job holding, skill diversification, and mobility. Industrial Relations, 53(2), 223–272.
Pouliakas, K. (2017). Multiple job-holding: Career pathway or dire straits? IZA World of Labor. https://doi.org/10.15185/izawol.356
Radl, J., & Himmelreicher, R. K. (2015). The influence of marital status and spousal employment on retirement behavior in Germany and Spain. Research on Aging, 37(4), 361–387. https://doi.org/10.1177/0164027514536403
Renna, F., & Oaxaca, R. L. (2006). The economics of dual job holding: A job portfolio model of labor supply. IZA Disscussion Paper, (1915).
Rimbawan, N. D. (2008). Profil lansia di Bali dan kaitannya dengan pembangunan (Deskripsi berdasarkan hasil Supas 2005 dan Sakernas 2007) [Profile of the older adults in Bali and its relation to development (Description based on the results of Supas 2005 and Sakernas 2007)]. Piramida Jurnal Kependudukan Dan Pengembangan Sumber Daya Manusia, IV(2).
Robertson, N., Perkins, H. C., & Taylor, N. (2008). Multiple job holding: Interpreting economic, labour market and social change in rural communities. Sociologia Ruralis, 48(4), 331–350. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9523.2008.00470.x
Shishko, R., & Rostker, B. (1976). The economics of multiple job holding. The American Economic Review, 66(3), 298–308.
Wijayanti, N. D., & Adrison, V. (2018). Effect of wages on multiple job holding decisions in Indonesia: Evidence from the Indonesian Family Life Survey (IFLS) data of 2007 and 2014. Journal of Indonesian Economy and Business, 33(1), 1–22.
Zahrotun, L., & Linarti, U. (2016). Analisis data mining pengelompokan data warga menggunakan metode statistik k-means untuk merekomendasikan pekerjaan sampingan [Data mining analysis of citizen data clustering using the k-means statistical method to recommend side jobs]. Teknologi, 9(1), 18–23.
Azen, R., & Walker, C. M. (2011). Categorical data analysis for the behavioral and social sciences. New York: Routledge Taylor & Francis Group.
Bouwhuis, S., De Wind, A., De Kruif, A., Geuskens, G. A., Van Der Beek, A. J., Bongers, P. M., & Boot, C. R. L. (2018). Experiences with multiple job holding: A qualitative study among Dutch older workers. BMC Public Health, 18(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-018-5841-7
BPS. (2022). Statistik penduduk lanjut usia 2022 [Older population statistics 2022]. Jakarta.
BPS. (2023a). Badan Pusat Statistik. Retrieved February 9, 2024, from https://www.bps.go.id/id/statistics-table
BPS. (2023b). Indikator kesejahteraan rakyat 2023 [Indicators of people's welfare 2023]. Jakarta.
Campion, E. D., Caza, B. B., & Moss, S. E. (2020). Multiple job holding: an integrative systematic review and future research agenda. Journal of Management, 46(1), 165–191. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206319882756
Citra, S. S., Elfindri, & Bachtiar, N. (2020). Secondary job’s di Indonesia [Secondary job’s in Indonesia]. Menara Ekonomi, 6(1), 77–88.
Conen, W., & de Beer, P. (2021). When two (or more) do not equal one: An analysis of the changing nature of multiple and single jobholding in Europe. Transfer, 27(2), 165–180. https://doi.org/10.1177/10242589211002630
Dahlan, A. K., & Umrah, A. S. (2018). Kesehatan lansia [Health of the older adults (1st ed.). Malang: Intimedia.
Dickey, H., Watson, V., & Zangelidis, A. (2011). Is it all about money? An examination of the motives behind moonlighting. Applied Economics, 43(26), 3767–3774. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036841003724403
Fransiska, A. (2022). Kerentanan lansia: Pelanggaran prinsip dan hak non-diskriminasi terhadap lansia di Indonesia [Older adults vulnerability: Violations of the principle and rights of non-discrimination against the older adults in Indonesia]. In Hukum yang [seharusnya] berdaya untuk semua: Kumpulan tulisan tentang urgensi legislasi anti diskriminasi komprehensif di Indonesia [Laws that [should] be effective for all: A collection of articles on the urgency of comprehensive anti-discrimination legislation in Indonesia]. Jakarta: Konsorsium Crisis Response Mechanism dan Free To Be.
Ginting, P. A. (2018). Implementasi teori Maslow dan peran ganda pekerja wanita K3L [Implementation of Maslow's theory and the dual role of female K3L workers]. Pekerjaan Sosial, 1(3), 220–233.
Girvan, M. (2003). Skills, credentials and social networks: older multiple job holders in the Christchurch labour market. New Zealand Institute for Research on Ageing. Wellington.
Hermanto, R., Zulham, T., & Seftarita, C. (2016). Analisis determinan pendapatan pekerja miskin di Provinsi Aceh tahun 2015 [Analysis of income determinants of poor workers in Aceh Province in 2015]. Jurnal Perspektif Ekonomi Darussalam, 2(2), 218–235.
ILO. (2004). Multiple job-holding. Geneva.
ILO. (2023). Work Statistics - 19th ICLS (WORK database) - ILOSTAT. Retrieved December 18, 2023, from https://ilostat.ilo.org/resources/concepts-and-definitions/description-work-statistics-icls19/
Jamalludin, Pitoyo, A. J., & Listyaningsih, U. (2024). Do economic factors still correlate with job satisfaction among the elderly?. Jurnal Ketenagakerjaan, 19(2), 184–199.
Junaidi, Erfit, & Prihanto, P. H. (2017). Faktor-faktor sosial ekonomi yang mempengaruhi keterlibatan penduduk lanjut usia dalam pasar kerja di Provinsi Jambi [Socio-economic factors influencing the involvement of the older population in the labor market in Jambi Province]. Masyarakat, Kebudayaan Dan Politik, 3(2), 197–205.
Kudrna, G., Le, T., & Piggott, J. (2021). Demographics, labour force and older people in Indonesia.
Martinez, A., Western, M., Haynes, M., Tomaszewski, W., & Macarayan, E. (2014). Multiple job holding and income mobility in Indonesia. Research in Social Stratification and Mobility, 37, 91–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rssm.2013.09.008
Nariswari, R. (2020). Analisis peranan sektor informal terhadap kemiskinan di Jawa Timur [Analysis of the role of the informal sector in poverty in East Java]. Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa, 9(1).
Osborne, R., & Warren, J. (2006). Multiple job holding-A working option for young people. New Zealand.
Panos, G. A., Pouliakas, K., & Zangelidis, A. (2014). Multiple job holding, skill diversification, and mobility. Industrial Relations, 53(2), 223–272.
Pouliakas, K. (2017). Multiple job-holding: Career pathway or dire straits? IZA World of Labor. https://doi.org/10.15185/izawol.356
Radl, J., & Himmelreicher, R. K. (2015). The influence of marital status and spousal employment on retirement behavior in Germany and Spain. Research on Aging, 37(4), 361–387. https://doi.org/10.1177/0164027514536403
Renna, F., & Oaxaca, R. L. (2006). The economics of dual job holding: A job portfolio model of labor supply. IZA Disscussion Paper, (1915).
Rimbawan, N. D. (2008). Profil lansia di Bali dan kaitannya dengan pembangunan (Deskripsi berdasarkan hasil Supas 2005 dan Sakernas 2007) [Profile of the older adults in Bali and its relation to development (Description based on the results of Supas 2005 and Sakernas 2007)]. Piramida Jurnal Kependudukan Dan Pengembangan Sumber Daya Manusia, IV(2).
Robertson, N., Perkins, H. C., & Taylor, N. (2008). Multiple job holding: Interpreting economic, labour market and social change in rural communities. Sociologia Ruralis, 48(4), 331–350. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9523.2008.00470.x
Shishko, R., & Rostker, B. (1976). The economics of multiple job holding. The American Economic Review, 66(3), 298–308.
Wijayanti, N. D., & Adrison, V. (2018). Effect of wages on multiple job holding decisions in Indonesia: Evidence from the Indonesian Family Life Survey (IFLS) data of 2007 and 2014. Journal of Indonesian Economy and Business, 33(1), 1–22.
Zahrotun, L., & Linarti, U. (2016). Analisis data mining pengelompokan data warga menggunakan metode statistik k-means untuk merekomendasikan pekerjaan sampingan [Data mining analysis of citizen data clustering using the k-means statistical method to recommend side jobs]. Teknologi, 9(1), 18–23.
Authors
Maharami, A. D. . and Rahani, R. (2025) “Variables Affecting Multiple Job Holding Status among Older Workers in Indonesia”, Jurnal Ketenagakerjaan, 20(2), pp. 268–282. doi: 10.47198/jnaker.v20i2.569.
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