Scarring Effect Pandemi Covid-19 Pekerja Lulusan Pendidikan Tinggi Berdasarkan Lapangan Usaha

M. Umar Idris

doi:10.47198/jnaker.v19i2.356

M. Umar Idris

https://doi.org/10.47198/jnaker.v19i2.356

Issue
Vol. 19 No. 2 (2024)

Keywords:

Scarring effect, Regresi logistik multinomial, Covid-19, Lapangan usaha, Pekerja lulusan pendidikan tinggi scarring effect, covid-19, sectoral industry, tertiary education graduate employee, multinomial logistic regression

PDF

Abstract

Employee with tertiary education graduate in Indonesia have also been affected by the socio-economic impacts of Covid-19, but there has been little specific discussion from scarring effect perspective. This research aims to analyze the decline in income among employees with tertiary education graduates during the Covid-19 pandemic, by using Sakernas (National Labor Force Survey) data of August 2021 and descriptive and inferential Multinomial Logistic Regression methods. This research concludes that the scarring effect, in the form of income reduction, is more pronounced among tertiary-education graduates worker in the service sector and industrial sectors. In terms of job type, the income decline is more pronounced among blue-collar and gray-collar workers. In contrast, white-collar workers, who constitute the majority of higher-education graduates worker, experienced relatively less scarry in terms of income decline. After controlling the dependent and independent variable with individual characteristics, the research found that industrial sector variable significantly influences the income decline among educated workers, followed by those in the service sector, and the lowest in agricultural sector. As the regression results, university-educated workers in the industrial sector are likely to experience a 2.468 times greater of income decline compared to those working in the agricultural sector and compared to those with stable incomes. Meanwhile, educated workers in service sector are likely to experience a 1.454 times greater of income decline compared to those working in agricultural sector and compared to those with stable incomes.

Full text article

Generated from XML file

References

Agita, V., Ririn, S., & Purnamasari, S. (2022). The Socio-economic Impact of Covid-19 in Indonesia: One Year into the Pandemic. Bank Dunia. 1-6.
Bank Dunia. (2014). Sistem Pendidikan Tinggi Indonesia: Seberapa Responsif Terhadap Pasar Kerja? Bank Dunia,1-30.
Becker, G. S. (1962). “Investment in Human Capital?: A Theoretical Analysis”. Journal of Political Economy, 70(5), 9–49.
Becker, G. S. (1965). “A Theory of Allocation of Time”. The Economic Journal, 75(299), 493–517.
Bianchi, F., Bianchi, G., & Song, D. (2020). The Long-Term Impact of The Covid-19 Unemployment Shock on Life Expectancy and Mortality Rates. NBER Working Paper 28304. 1-60. http://www.nber.org/papers/w28304.
Borjas, G. J. (2016). Labor Economics (Seventh Ed). McGraw-Hill Education. 1-497.
BPS. (2020a). Booklet Sakernas Agustus 2020. 1-25.
BPS. (2020b). Hasil Survei Sosial Demografi Dampak Covid-19. 1-33
BPS. (2021a). Booklet Sakernas 2021. 1-25.
BPS. (2021b). Indikator Pasar Tenaga Kerja Indonesia Agustus 2021. 1-201.
Budimanta, Arif (2020). Pancasilanomics: Jalan Keadilan dan Kemakmuran. Edisi ke-2, Bogor; IPB Press. 100-104.
Campbell, R., Connel, M., Stanley, L. B., & David, A. M. (2004). Contemporary of Labour Economics (Sixth ed,). Mc. Graw-Hill.
Chakravorty, S. (1996). “Urban Inequality Revisited: The Determinant of Income Distribution in US Metropolitan Area. Urban Affairs Review, 31(6), 759–777.
Chetty, R., Friedman, J., Hendren, N., & Stepner, M. (2020). The Economic Impacts of Covid-19: Evidence from a New Public Database Built Using Private Sector Data (w27431). 1.-135.
Cortes, G. M., & Forsythe, E. (2020). The Heterogeneous Labor Market Impacts Of the Covid-19 Pandemic. 1-37. https://doi.org/10.17848/wp20-327
Dewi, M. Martanti., Magdalena, F., Ariska, N.P.D., Setiyawati, N., Rumboirusi, Waydewin C.B. (2020). “Dampak Pandemi Covid-19 terhadap Tenaga Kerja Formal di Indonesia”. Jurnal Populasi (Vol. 28).
Djoumessi, Y. F. (2021). “The adverse impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on the labor market in Cameroon”. African Development Review, 31–44. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8268.12508
Fiaschi, D., & Tealdi, C. (2022a). Scarring Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Italian Labour Market. Working Paper 15102. 1-42.
Franklin, S., & Labonne, J. (2019). “Economic Shocks and Labor Market Flexibility”. Journal of Human Resources, 54(1), 171–199. https://doi.org/10.3368/JHR.54.1.0616.8012R1
Goldin, C. (2022). Understanding Impact of Covid-19 On Women. NBER Working Paper 29974. 1-61. http://www.nber.org/papers/w29974.
Glaeser, E.L., Mare, D.C. (2001). “Cities and Skills”. Journal of Labor Economics. Vol. 19. 209-215.
Harun, Tommy., Agung, I. G. Ngurah. (1997). “Faktor-Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Tingkat Pendapatan Pekerja: Kasus Pekerja Migran di Indonesia (Analisis Data Sakerti 1993)”. Tesis, Program Studi MEKK, Universitas Indonesia. https://lontar.ui.ac.id/detail?id=78353.
Heldini, N. (2021). “Dampak Covid-19 Terhadap Permintaan dan Upah Tenaga Kerja di Indonesia”. Jurnal Gama Societa, Vol. 5 No. 1(Mei 2021), 29–42.
Hosmer, D. W., Lemeshow, S., & Sturdivant, R. X. (2013). Applied Logistic Regression (Third). John Wiley & Sons.
Huckfeldt, C. (2022). “Understanding The Scarring Effect of Recessions”. American Economic Review, 112(4), 1273–1310. https://christopher-huckfeldt.github.io/
ILO. (2020a). Pemantauan ILO: Covid-19 dan Dunia Kerja. Edisi ke-3. 1-24.
ILO. (2020b). Pemantauan ILO: Covid-19 dan Dunia Kerja, Edisi ke-7. 1-37.
Isbah, M. F., Kailani, N., Kustiningsih, W., Artosa, O. A., & Zamjani, I. (2023). “Indonesia’s Recent University Graduates Amidst the Covid-19 Pandemic”. Journal of Asian Sociology, 52(2), 109–134. https://doi.org/10.2307/27230793
Kirchberger, M. (2017). “Natural Disasters and Labor Markets”. Journal of Development Economics, 125, 40–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2016.11.002
Kim, K.S., Min, I., Choi, Y.S. (2013). “Dynamic Decomposition of Regional Wage Differential”. Journal of Development Economics, 52 (3), 311-321.
Mifrahi, M. N., Hanif Nur Rahmat. (2023). “Peran Aspek Pendidikan bagi Pertumbuhan Ekonomi: Analisis Kelompok Usia Pendidikan”. Jurnal Kebijakan Ekonomi dan Keuangan, 165–176. https://doi.org/10.20885/jkek.vol1.iss2.art3
Milanovic, B. (2006). “Inequality and Determinants of Earning in Malaysia, 1984-1997”. Asian Economic Journal, 20(2), 191–216.
Mincer, J. A. (1974). Schooling, Experience and Earnings. Education, Income, and Human Behavior. I, 64–82.
Oaxaca, R. L. (1973). “Male-Female Wage Differentials in Urban Labor Market”. International Economic Review, 14, 693–709.
Ogwumike, F., Alaba, F., Alaba, O., Alayande, B., & Okojie, E. E. (2006). Labour Force Participation, Earnings, and Inequality in Nigeria. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/242776652.
Orrell, Brent., Bishop, M. M., Howkins, J., (2020). “A Road Map to Reemployment in the Covid-19 Economy”. American Enterprise Institute. 1-19. https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep25357.
Puteri, D. D. (2022). Exit Strategy Scarring Effect Pandemi Covid-19 Sektor Ketenagakerjaan di Indonesia. 1-18.
Rahman, Muh. Adi., Kusuma, A Z. Dwi., Arfyanto, Hafiz. (2020) Situasi Ketenagakerjaan Di Lapangan Usaha yang Terdampak Pandemi Covid-19. Catatan Isu SMERU No.1/Juni/2020, 1-4.
Satria, Dias., Wulandari, Riska Dwi. (2018). “Income Inequality Between Formal-Informal Employees Based on Education Group”. Economics and Finance in Indonesia, 64(1), 25–42. https://doi.org/10.7454/efi.v64i1.583.
Schady, N., Holla, A., Sabarwal, S., Silva, J., & Chang, A. Y. (2023). Collapse and Recovery: How the Covid-19 Pandemic Eroded Human Capital and What to Do about It. World Bank. 1-189.
Schultz, T. W. (1961). “Investment in Human Capital”. The American Economic Review, 51(1), 1–17.
Tasmilah, T., Pratomo, D. S., & Syafitri, W. (2023). “Pengaruh Modal Manusia terhadap Transisi Tenaga Kerja Formal Menjadi Informal pada Masa Pandemi Covid-19”. Jurnal Ekonomi Dan Pembangunan Indonesia, 23(1), 65–80. https://doi.org/10.21002/jepi.2023.05
Tomlinson, M. (2021). The Impact of Covid-19 on Recent Graduates Career Decisions and Outcomes. AGCAS-University of Southampton., 1-61.
Trif, A. (2014). “Reemployment”. Wiley Encyclopedia of Management, 111.
Yarrow, N., Masood, E., & Afkar, R. (2020). Estimates of Covid-19 Impacts on Learning and Earning in Indonesia: How to Turn the Tide. Bank Dunia. 1-33.

Authors

M. Umar Idris

University of Indonesia

umaridris88@gmail.com (Primary Contact)

Idris, M. U. (2024) “Sectoral Scarring Effects of COVID-19 on Employees with Tertiary Education Degrees”, Jurnal Ketenagakerjaan, 19(2), pp. 249–261. doi: 10.47198/jnaker.v19i2.356.