Kondisi Ketenagakerjaan Pekerja Lanjut Usia dan Perubahannya Saat Pandemi COVID-19 di Indonesia Menurut Jenis Pekerjaannya: Analisis Data Sakernas 2021
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Abstract
Indonesia has entered population aging in the year 2021, referred by the elderly dependent number above 10%. The increase in the number or percentage of elders that still work expectedly can contribute to the economy. However, until the year 2o2o, most elderly workers, still considered informal workers, call into doubt their contribution to the economy. Meanwhile, during the Covid-19 pandemic, informal and elderly workers are among the vulnerable group. This study aims to determine changes related to employment conditions for elderly workers based on the type of work before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia. This quantitative research study uses descriptive analysis of data from the National Labor Force Survey (Sakernas) in August 2021. The study resulted that most elderly workers choose to work as independent workers/informal entrepreneurs. In addition, reduced hours worked and average earnings were experienced by all types of jobs, with jobs within the informal sector (informal self-employed, informally paid, and unpaid/family) tending to have the worst outcome. The government is expected to provide assistance during the COVID-19 era for elderly workers, especially informal independent elderly workers who have a significant contribution.
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References
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Alfers, L., Galvani, F., Grapsa, E., Juergens, F., & Sevilla, A. (2021). Older Informal Workers in the COVID-19 Crisis. Women in Informal Employment Globalizing and Organizing (WIEGO). https://www.wiego.org/sites/default/files/resources/file/PolicyInsights5.pdf.
Al-Hikam, H. A. (2021). Lengkap! Rincian UMP 2021 di 34 Provinsi. Diakses melalui https://finance.detik.com/berita-ekonomi-bisnis/d-5326918/lengkap-rincian-ump-2021-di-34-provinsi pada tanggal 8 November 2022.
Ameriks, J., Briggs, J. S., Caplin, A., Lee, M., Shapiro, M. D., & Tonetti, C. (2018). Older Americans Would Work Longer if Jobs Were Flexible. NBER Working Paper, 24008. https://doi.org/10.3386/w24008.
Badan Pusat Statistik. (2014). Klasifikasi Baku Jabatan Indonesia KBJI 2014. Jakarta: Badan Pusat Statistik.
Badan Pusat Statistik. (2018). Proyeksi Penduduk Indonesia 2015-2045: Hasil SUPAS 2015. Jakarta: Badan Pusat Statistik.
Badan Pusat Statistik. (2018). Pedoman Pencacah: Survei Angkatan Kerja Nasional 2018. Jakarta: Badan Pusat Statistik.
Badan Pusat Statistik Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta. (2022). Produk Domestik Regional Bruto Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta Menurut Lapangan Usaha 2017-2021. Yogyakarta: Badan Pusat Statistik Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta.
Badan Pusat Statistik Provinsi Bali. (2022). Produk Domestik Regional Bruto Provinsi Bali Menurut Lapangan Usaha 2017-2021. Denpasar: Badan Pusat Statistik Provinsi Bali.
Berkarir.id. (2020). Karyawan vs Pengusaha, Mana yang Lebih Sukses?. Diakses pada tanggal 11 Mei 2022 melalui https://berkarir.id/karyawan-vspengusaha/.
Canclini, N. G. (2018). A culture of informality. Urban Studies, 56(3), 488–493. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098018782635
Chen, M. A. (2007). Rethinking the Informal Economy: Linkages with the Formal Economy and the Formal Regulatory Environment, DESA Working Paper No. 46. New York: United Nation. https://www.un.org/esa/desa/papers/2007/wp46_2007.pdf.
Dinas Pariwisata Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta. (2019). Statistik Kepariwisataan 2019. Yogyakarta: Dinas Pariwisata Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta.
Fields, G. S. (1990). Labor Market Modelling and the Urban Informal Sector: Theory and Evidence. Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.
Herispon. (2020). Dampak Ekonomi Pembatasan Sosial Berskala Besar Terhadap Masyarakat Kota Pekanbaru di Provinsi Riau. Jurnal Ekonomi dan Bisnis Riau, 11 (2), 164-173.https://ekobis.stieriau-akbar.ac.id/index.php/Ekobis/article/view/262/271
Hochguertel, S. (2010). Self-Employment Around Retirement Age. Netspar Discussion Paper, 07/2010-030. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1692708.
Huang W. H., Lin Y. J., & Lee H. F. (2019). Impact of Population and Workforce Aging on Economic Growth: Case Study of Taiwan. Sustainability, 11(22), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11226301.
ILO. (2002). Decent work and the informal economy. Geneva: International Labour Organization.
ILO. (2013). Perspectives on Labour Economics for Development. Geneva: International Labour Organization.
Jamalludin. (2020). Pekerja Informal Lansia dan Rasio Daya Dukung Lansia di Indonesia. Ecoducation, 2(2), 61–75. https://doi.org/10.33503/ecoducation.v2i2.834.
Kouadio, H., & Gakpa, L. L. (2020). Micro-determinants of informal employment in Côte d’Ivoire: The role of socio-demographic factors. Journal of Economics and International Finance, 12(3), 95-104. https://doi.org/10.5897/JEIF2020.1060.
Levine, R., dan Rubinstein, Y. (2018). Selection Into Entrepreneurship and Self-Employment. NBER Working Paper, 25350. https://doi.org/10.3386/w25350.
Merdeka .com. (2021). Pandemi COVID-19 Sebabkan Banyak Pekerja Kota Kembali ke Desa untuk Menjadi Petani. Diakses pada tanggal 10 Mei 2022 melalui https://www.merdeka.com/uang/pandemi-COVID-19- sebabkan-banyak-pekerja-kota-kembali-ke-desa-untuk-menjadipetani html.
Neumark, D., Burn, I., & Button, P. (2019). Is It Harder for Older Workers to Find Jobs? New and Improved Evidence from a Field Experiment. Journal of Political Economy, 127(2), 922-970. https://doi.org/10.1086/701029.
Nisak, V. A., Wayan, I. G., & Yasa, M. (2021). Time Allocation and Income of Elderly Women in the Informal Sector in Pemecutan Sub-District, Denpasar Barat District. International Journal of Innovative Science, Engineering & Technology, 8(4), 52–55. http://ijiset.com/vol8/v8s6/IJISET_V8_I06_07.pdf.
Pang, L., de Brauw, A., & Rozelle, S. (2004). Working until You Drop: The Elderly of Rural China. The China Journal, 52, 73–94. https://doi.org/10.2307/4127885.
Peraturan Pemerintah No. 45 Tahun 2015. Tentang Penyelenggaraan Program Jaminan Pensiun. Jakarta: Sekretariat Kabinet RI.
Peraturan Presiden Republik Indonesia No. 88 Tahun 2021. Tentang Strategi Nasional Kelanjutusiaan. Jakarta: Sekretariat Kabinet RI.
Perry, G. E., Maloney, W. F., Arias, O. S., Fajnzylber, P., Mason A. D. & Saavedra-Chanduvi, J. (2007). Informality Exit and Exclusion. Washington DC: The World Bank. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/6730.
Pitoyo, J. A. (2007). Dinamika Sektor Informal: Prospek, Perkembangan, dan Kedudukannya dalam Sistem Ekonomi Makro. Populasi, 18(2), 129-146. https://doi.org/10.22146/jp.12081.
Poschke, M. (2019). Wage Employment, Unemployment and Self-Employment Across Countries. IZA Discussion Papers, 12367. https://www.iza.org/publications/dp/12367/wage-employment-unemployment-and-self-employment-across-countries.
Suariedewi, I. G. A. A. M, Jatiwardani, K. D., & Asri, I. A. T. Y. (2021). Pemberdayaan UMKM dalam Kondisi Pandemi COVID-19 Di Desa Siangan, Gianyar. Community Service Journal (CSJ), 4 (1), 106-110. https://doi.org/10.22225/csc.4.1.2021.106-110.
Suryadi. (2019). Memanfaatkan Keahlian dan Pengalaman Lansia untuk Tetap Bekerja “Studi Kasus Padanegara Jepang”. Jurnal Sains Manajemen, 5(2), 196-211. https://doi.org/10.30656/sm.v5i2.1864.
TNP2K. (2020). Vulnerable Groups in the COVID-19 Outbreak. Diakses melalui http://tnp2k.go.id/articles/vulnerable-groups-in-the-COVID-19-outbreak, pada tanggal 19 Desember 2021.
Taufik, M., dan Armansyah. (2021). Eksistensi Pelaku Usaha Sektor Informal Offline dan Online di Tengah Pandemi COVID-19. PUBLIKAUMA: Jurnal Ilmu Administrasi Publik, 9(1), 57-66. https://doi.org/10.31289/publika.v9i1.4846.
Authors
Aqil, H. M. (2023) “Kondisi Ketenagakerjaan Pekerja Lanjut Usia dan Perubahannya Saat Pandemi COVID-19 di Indonesia Menurut Jenis Pekerjaannya: Analisis Data Sakernas 2021”, Jurnal Ketenagakerjaan, 18(1), pp. 81–94. doi: 10.47198/jnaker.v18i1.162.
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