Jurnal Ketenagakerjaan

The Dynamics of Social Protection Gaps in Indonesia’s Transforming Labor Market: Gig Workers and Formal Employees

Lestari Agusalim, Puguh Prasetyoputra, Arissetyanto Nugroho, Dradjad Hari Wibowo — Tue, 05 May 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Indonesia’s expanding gig economy has reshaped the labor market, offering flexibility while deepening social protection disparities. This study examines the gap in social protection coverage between formal employees and gig workers—online and local—within Indonesia’s employment landscape. Using microdata from August 2018, 2021, and 2023 National Labor Force Surveys (Sakernas), the analysis focuses on the service sector, where gig work is concentrated. A binary logistic regression with marginal effects was used to estimate the probability of workers’ participation in Indonesia’s social security programs. Findings revealed persistent, significant disparities: Online gig workers were 33% less likely and local gig workers 23% less likely to be covered than formal employees. These inequalities widened during and after the COVID-19 pandemic, especially in health and occupational accident insurance. Further analysis showed that disparities were more pronounced among male and urban workers. These results underscore structural vulnerabilities in Indonesia’s dual labor system and highlight the need for inclusive, adaptive social protection reforms. Recommendations include integrating gig workers into national social security schemes through shared contributions, strengthening digital and social protection literacy, and establishing a legal framework that recognizes platform-based employment as part of Indonesia’s labor market.

Measuring Climate–Labor Vulnerability in the Platform Economy Through a Climate-Informed Flexibility Vulnerability Index for Indonesia

Jose Segitya Hutabarat, Valeri Timoti Hamise — Tue, 05 May 2026 00:00:00 +0700

This study develops the Climate-Informed Flexibility Vulnerability Index (CAFVI) to measure multidimensional climate–labor vulnerability among platform workers in Jakarta, Indonesia. The index integrates four dimensions: economic vulnerability, institutional vulnerability, demographic sensitivity, and environmental exposure. Using secondary data from Fairwork Indonesia, BPS Sakernas, and BMKG, the study applies variable normalization, equal weighting, and principal component analysis to produce comparable vulnerability scores across age groups and platform providers. The findings show a clear U-shaped pattern of vulnerability, with the highest scores observed among younger and older workers and the lowest among prime-age workers. At the platform level, vulnerability is shaped primarily by the interaction between institutional protection and income conditions, while environmental exposure functions as a shared structural baseline. Principal component analysis confirms the internal coherence of the index, with the first component explaining most of the total variance and all loadings remaining positive. The results indicate that climate stress does not operate independently but intensifies existing labor precarity where worker protection and income stability are weak. This study contributes by extending platform labor analysis beyond conventional fairness assessments and by offering a transparent, replicable framework for evaluating climate-sensitive labor vulnerability in data-constrained urban settings, especially in the Global South and comparable emerging economies.

Four-Day Workweek in Indonesia’s Big Cities: Urgency and Legal Framework for Flexible Work in Labour Law Reform

Tue, 05 May 2026 00:00:00 +0700

This article offers normative input for Indonesia’s ongoing labour-law reform agenda by proposing a legal framework to govern a four-day workweek as part of broader flexible-work regulation. Indonesian working-time norms remain largely anchored in a 40-hour standard, while contemporary work arrangements, particularly hybrid (hibrida) and remote (jarak jauh) work, have heightened risks of working-time spillover, hidden overtime, and blurred boundaries between work and rest. Within this reform context, the study assesses the legal urgency and basis for regulating a four-day workweek and formulates a fair and safe implementation model through a proposal to establish a Flexible Work Chapter within a revised/new Labour Law and its implementing regulations. Using a normative-prescriptive legal method, the research applies statutory, conceptual, and comparative approaches, supported by desk-based evidence from published evaluations of four-day workweek trials in the UK and Iceland and scholarship on the European right to disconnect. The findings indicate that a four-day workweek may be operationalized through two legal models, compressed workweeks (40 hours/4 days) and reduced-hour workweeks (32–36 hours/4 days), each carrying distinct legal implications and risks, particularly in sectors and urban contexts where working-time control is difficult. Accordingly, safeguards are required, including wage protection, clear overtime limits and approval, transparent working-time recording (including for hybrid/remote arrangements), strengthened Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) and fatigue-risk management, and a right to disconnect framework. The article concludes that a Flexible Work Chapter is necessary to ensure flexibility remains consistent with worker-protection principles and legal certainty in working-time governance.

Collaborative Governance and Effectiveness of Vocational Training and Graduate Job Placement: An Ansell and Gash Perspective

Darmawansyah, Nurliah Nurdin, Muhammad Taufiq, R Luki Karunia — Tue, 05 May 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Vocational training in Indonesia, specifically at the Vocational Training and Productivity Center (VPTC) in Samarinda and Makassar, continues to struggle with suboptimal graduate employability. This research identifies a critical disconnect between institutional training and industrial demand, rooted in fragmented multi-stakeholder collaboration. Using the Ansell and Gash (2008) Collaborative Governance framework, this study analyzes the governance dynamics hindering effective job placement. Employing a qualitative multi-site case study approach—comprising document analysis, Focus Group Discussions (FGD), and field observations—the findings reveal a "cycle of collaborative dysfunction." The starting conditions are characterized by structural power imbalances, while the collaborative process remains largely ceremonial, failing to foster the strategic trust and shared understanding necessary for curriculum co-creation. Consequently, intermediate outcomes, such as synchronized industry-needs assessment and robust placement networks, remain unachieved. This study underscores the urgent need for institutional reform, including the formalization of Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) for industry partnerships and the professionalization of Public Employment Services (PES). These measures are vital to transitioning from administrative compliance to a demand-driven vocational ecosystem.

Factors Affecting the Status of Precarious Employees among Young Workers in the Formal Sector in Central Java Province 2024

Ratih Restiani, Ekaria — Tue, 05 May 2026 00:00:00 +0700

The process of job informalization is a condition in which the previously stable formal sector is now increasingly resembling the informal sector, which lacks job security and offers low wages. This phenomenon is consistent with precarious employment, which refers to jobs that lack job stability, social security, and decent income. Young people tend to have limited skills and work experience. This forces young people to accept precarious employment as their only option. This study aims to provide an overview and to identify and analyze the social factors, experiences, and skills of individuals, as well as the socio-economic factors of regencys/cities that influence the precarious employment status among young workers in the formal sector in Central Java in 2024. The data used is sourced from the August 2024 Sakernas survey. The analysis method employed is multilevel binary logistic regression. The results of the study indicate that variables related to experience and skills factor, such as educational level, participation in training, and job tenure, moreover social factor such as marital status, occupation, and union membership, as well as the regional minimum wage (UMK) from socioeconomic factors, significantly influence the precarious employment status of young workers in the formal sector in Central Java Province in 2024.

The Invisibility of Maternity Rights for Women Workers with Fixed-Term Employment Contracts (PKWT) in the Employment System: A Socio-Legal Study

Nuril F Lamawatu — Tue, 05 May 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Amidst the dominance of flexible employment relationships in the manufacturing sector, women workers with Fixed-Term Employment Agreements (Perjanjian Kerja Waktu Tertentu/PKWT) face double vulnerability: job insecurity and marginalization in the context of reproductive rights. This research aims to analyze the extent to which legal norms and social realities are aligned in relation to the fulfillment of the maternity rights of women PKWT workers in labor-intensive industries. It uses a descriptive qualitative method with a socio-legal and worker welfare approach. Primary data was obtained through in-depth interviews with three women workers. The number of respondents was intended to explore personal experiences in depth, not to generalize the population. Secondary data refers to legislation, academic literature, and academic policies, which were then analyzed thematically and comparatively with empirical findings. The results of the study show that the fulfillment of maternity rights is still partial and uneven—even for workers with formal status as PKWT. The conditions of these workers are more similar to those of casual daily workers with attendance-based wages, uncertain contracts, and limited access to maternity rights. This condition demonstrates a discrepancy between statutory labour protection and its implementation at the workplace level. This research argues that strengthening labour supervision, improving complaint mechanisms, and ensuring effective enforcement of maternity protection are necessary to protect women workers, particularly those in fixed-term and other non-standard employment arrangements.

Determinants of Claim Realization Death Benefit Program: Social Protection Analysis

Aquila Himawan, Eleonora Sofilda, Muhammad Zilal Hamzah — Tue, 05 May 2026 00:00:00 +0700

The Death Benefit Program (JKM) is a key instrument within Indonesia’s employment-based social protection system, aimed at safeguarding workers’ households from the economic consequences of the death. This study examine to analyze the effects of labor market structure, macroeconomic conditions, human development, as well as program participation and financing on the number of JKM claims in Indonesia. This study employs a quantitative approach using panel data regression across Indonesian provinces (16) for the period 2018–2024. The results show that the proportion of formal workers, economic growth, IPM, and the number of JKM participants significantly affect the realization of JKM claims. In contrast, the total number of employed persons and the proportion of informal workers do not have a significant impact. These findings suggest that JLI claim realization is driven more by the quality of labor market integration into social insurance system and institutional capacity than by the size of the working population. This study contributes by positioning JKM claims as a policy outcome of risk based social protection and underscores the need to shift policy focus toward improving participation quality, promoting labor formalization, and strengthening governance to ensure sustainability and equity.

The Influence of Physical Capital, Technological Progress, and Wages on Labor Productivity in 10 Provinces of Kawasan Timur Indonesia

Salma Nabila Asrizal, Ekaria — Tue, 05 May 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Labor productivity is a crucial indicator for measuring a country’s economic performance, as it plays a significant role in enhancing competitiveness. The disparity in labor productivity between Western Indonesia (KBI) and Eastern Indonesia (KTI) has persisted over the past eight years, from 2016 to 2023. Among the seventeen provinces in KTI, ten provinces continue to face challenges related to low labor productivity. This persistent issue poses a major obstacle to achieving the Indonesia Emas 2045 Vision, which aims to improve public welfare, human capital quality, and sustained economic growth. Therefore, it is imperative to enhance labor productivity by examining the influence of human capital, physical capital, technological progress, and wages on labor productivity across ten provinces in KTI. The data employed in this study were obtained from the Statistics Indonesia (BPS) and the Ministry of Manpower. The findings reveal that labor productivity tends to stagnate. The share of the workforce with at least junior secondary education, the proportion of workers with internet access, and the Provincial Minimum Wage (UMP) exhibit an upward trend, whereas gross fixed capital formation (GFCF) per worker shows a declining trend. Furthermore, the application of the Fixed Effect Feasible Generalized Least Squares Seemingly Unrelated Regression (FGLS-SUR) model demonstrates that GFCF per worker, UMP, and internet penetration among workers exert a positive impact on labor productivity, with GFCF contributing the most substantial effect.

Comparison of Indonesian and European Logistics Competency Frameworks in Supply Chain

Vina Dwiyanti, Ana A, Edi Supardi, Yusep Sukrawan — Tue, 05 May 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Rapid advancements in digital technologies, increasing sustainability pressures, and the growing complexity of global supply chains have reshaped the competency landscape for logistics professionals. This study conducts a comparative analysis of transversal skill requirements in the Indonesian logistics sector by benchmarking industry expectations against the existing national competency framework (SKKNI) and the European Logistics Association Qualifications Framework (ELAQF). Drawing on recent literature and industry reports (2022–2025), the findings reveal significant discrepancies across five critical domains: digital, managerial, technical, soft, and green skills. While industry practices increasingly demand integrated system proficiency, analytics-driven decision-making, agile management, and sustainability awareness, SKKNI remains largely procedural, emphasizing manual tasks and basic operational functions. To address these gaps, the study proposes an Integrated Transversal Skills Framework that conceptualizes how the five skill domains collectively enhance employability, workforce agility, and readiness for digital and green logistics transformation. This conceptual model highlights the strategic importance of embedding transversal skills into curriculum design, professional training, and national qualification updates. The study concludes that modernizing Indonesia’s competency standards is essential for strengthening workforce competitiveness and aligning with global logistics trends. Future research should focus on empirical validation of the proposed model and sector-specific assessments across warehousing, transport, and supply chain services.

Juridical Analysis of the One Month Notice Provision for Employee Resignation: A Balance between Workers’ Rights and Company Operational Protection

Candra Robasa Sijabat, Bestari Nirmala Santi, Otto Sumaryoto, Sugeng Santoso PN — Tue, 05 May 2026 00:00:00 +0700

The provision regarding worker resignation with a 30 (thirty) day or one-month notice has long been regulated in Indonesian labor laws. This provision aims to ensure legal certainty for workers while safeguarding the continuity of company operations. However, in practice, the application of the one-month notice often raises debates regarding its effectiveness and proportionality. This issue becomes more significant when the resignation involves workers in strategic positions. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of the one-month notice provision in ensuring legal certainty for workers and in protecting company operations based on labor regulations in Indonesia. The research uses a normative legal research method with a statutory and conceptual approach. The analysis is based on the theory of legal certainty and the theory of balance of interests. The results of the study show that, normatively, the one-month notice provision has provided procedural legal certainty for workers, particularly in relation to the fulfillment of administrative and normative rights. However, this provision has not been fully effective in protecting company operations, especially when workers in strategic positions resign. In such cases, the standard notice period may not provide sufficient time for companies to prepare operational adjustments. Therefore, efforts are needed to harmonize the regulation through a more flexible and proportional arrangement of the resignation notification period. One possible approach is to diversify the notice period based on job characteristics, urgency, and the potential operational impact. This approach is expected to create a better balance between workers' rights and the sustainability of company operations in a fair and sustainable manner.