Do Economic Factors Still Correlate with Job Satisfaction Among the Elderly?
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Vol. 19 No. 2 (2024)
Keywords:
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pekerja lansia, kepuasan kerja, faktor ekonomi, faktor non-ekonomi elderly worker, job satisfaction, economic factors, non-economic factors
Abstract
Job satisfaction is influenced by expectations, which vary at different stages of life. This study aims to analyze the relationship between economic and non-economic factors and the job satisfaction of elderly workers. The analysis is based on data from the 2017 Happiness Level Measurement Survey (SPTK), focusing on 3,582 workers aged 50-70 years who are classified as laborers, employees, or staff. The results show that both economic and non-economic factors are significantly related to job satisfaction among elderly workers. Economic factors have a greater impact on job satisfaction than non-economic factors. Key economic factors include wages, the alignment of wages with the intensity of work, and job security. Non-economic factors include the alignment of job roles with workers' interests and skills, as well as overall job comfort. Among economic variables, wages have the strongest influence on job satisfaction—the lower the wage, the lower the job satisfaction. Among non-economic variables, job comfort has the most substantial impact on job satisfaction.
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References
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Carr, E., Murray, E. T., Zaninotto, P., Cadar, D., Head, J., Stansfeld, S., & Stafford, M. (2018). The association between informal caregiving and exit from employment among older workers: Prospective findings from the UK household longitudinal study. Journals of Gerontology - Series B Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 73(7), 1253–1262. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbw156
Carstensen, L. L. (1992). Social and emotional patterns in adulthood: support for socioemotional selectivity theory. Psychology and Aging, 7(3), 331.
Carstensen, L. L. (2021). Socioemotional selectivity theory: The role of perceived endings in human motivation. The Gerontologist, 61(8), 1188–1196.
Choi, J., & Chen, C. C. (2006). Gender differences in perceived work demands, family demands, and life stress among married Chinese employees. Management and Organization Review, 2(2), 209–229.
Clark, A. E. (1997). Job satisfaction and gender: why are women so happy at work? Labour Economics, 4(4), 341–372.
Crompton, R. (2002). Employment, flexible working and the family. The British Journal of Sociology, 53(4), 537–558.
Doherty, M. (2009). When the working day is through: the end of work as identity? Work, Employment and Society, 23(1), 84–101.
Giddens, A. (1984). The constitution of society: Outline of the theory of structuration. Univ of California Press.
Gonzales, E., Marchiondo, L., Ran, S., Brown, C., Goettge, K., & Krutchen, R. (2021). Age discrimination in the workplace and its association with health and work: Implications for social policy.
Grzenda, W. (2023). How Does the Statutory Retirement Age Affect Older workers’ Employment in Relation to Individual and Work?Related Factors? Journal of Aging and Social Policy. https://doi.org/10.1080/08959420.2023.2284570
Hill, E. J., Erickson, J. J., Fellows, K. J., Martinengo, G., & Allen, S. M. (2014). Work and Family over the Life Course: Do Older Workers Differ? Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 35(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10834-012-9346-8
Huang, Q., & Gamble, J. (2015). Social expectations, gender and job satisfaction: Front?line employees in C hina’s retail sector. Human Resource Management Journal, 25(3), 331–347.
Hurtado, D. A., Hessel, P., & Avendano, M. (2017). The hidden costs of informal work: lack of social protection and subjective well-being in Colombia. International Journal of Public Health, 62, 187–196.
Kim, Y. S., Matytsin, M., & Freije-Rodriguez, S. (2019). Informal Employment and Worker’s Well-Being in the Russian Federation. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper, 8989.
Kollmann, T., Stöckmann, C., Kensbock, J. M., & Peschl, A. (2020). What satisfies younger versus older employees, and why? An aging perspective on equity theory to explain interactive effects of employee age, monetary rewards, and task contributions on job satisfaction. Human Resource Management, 59(1), 101–115.
Kooij, D., de Lange, A., Jansen, P., & Dikkers, J. (2008). Older workers’ motivation to continue to work: Five meanings of age: A conceptual review. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 23(4), 364–394. https://doi.org/10.1108/02683940810869015
Leung, A. S. M. (2003). Feminism in transition: Chinese culture, ideology and the development of the women’s movement in China. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 3(9), 359–374.
Locke, E. A. (1976). The nature and causes of job satisfaction. Handbook of Industrial and Organizational Psychology.
Loh, V., Hamilton, M., Baird, M., Zettna, N., Constantin, A., Andrei, D. M., Petery, G. A., & Parker, S. K. (2023). Money matters, but what else? Mature worker motives and the importance of gender, age, socioeconomic status and age-inclusive HR practices. Australian Journal of Management. https://doi.org/10.1177/03128962231176322
Loi, J. L. P., & Shultz, K. S. (2007). Why older adults seek employment: Differing motivations among subgroups. Journal of Applied Gerontology, 26(3), 274–289. https://doi.org/10.1177/0733464807301087
Mahmoud, A. B., Reisel, W. D., Grigoriou, N., Fuxman, L., & Mohr, I. (2020). The reincarnation of work motivation: Millennials vs older generations. International Sociology, 35(4), 393–414. https://doi.org/10.1177/0268580920912970
Mor-Barak, M. E. (1995). The meaning of work for older adults seeking employment: The generativity factor. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 41(4), 325–344. https://doi.org/10.2190/VGTG-EPK6-Q4BH-Q67Q
Mumpuni, I. D. (2015). Mengais Rezeki Di Usia Senja pada Orang Jawa. Universitas Gadjah Mada.
Munawaroh, T., Lestari, F., & Anwar, D. F. (2024). The effect of household poverty on the economic activity of the elderly in Indonesia. Working with Older People, 28(1), 20–30.
Nielsen, I., & Smyth, R. (2008). Job satisfaction and response to incentives among China’s urban workforce. The Journal of Socio-Economics, 37(5), 1921–1936.
Pagés, C., & Madrigal, L. (2008). Is Informality a good measure of job quality?: Evidence from job satisfaction data.
Pratap, S., & Quintin, E. (2006). Are labor markets segmented in developing countries? A semiparametric approach. European Economic Review, 50(7), 1817–1841.
Rasskazova, E., Ivanova, T., & Sheldon, K. (2016). Comparing the effects of low-level and high-level worker need-satisfaction: A synthesis of the self-determination and Maslow need theories. Motivation and Emotion, 40, 541–555.
Rijanta, R., Listyaningsih, U., & Amri, Y. (2022). Faktor sosial dan demografi yang berhubungan dengan pekerja lansia di Indonesia. Jurnal Litbang Sukowati: Media Penelitian Dan Pengembangan, 5(2), 1–11.
Rose, M. (2003). Good deal, bad deal? Job satisfaction in occupations. Work, Employment and Society, 17(3), 503–530.
Salsabila, A. H., & Handayani, H. R. (2021). Pengaruh Faktor Sosial Ekonomi Terhadap Keputusan Penduduk Lanjut Usia Untuk Bekerja (Studi Kasus Kota Semarang). Diponegoro Journal of Economics, 9(2), 91–104.
Setiadi, S., & Hidayah, S. (2021). Subjective Well-Being Amongst Older Women from Migrant and Non-Migrant Households in Rural Java, Indonesia. Journal of Population and Social Studies, 29, 459–478. https://doi.org/10.25133/JPSSV292021.029
Setyonaluri, D. H. (2019). Can women have it all? Working and mothering in Indonesia’s Capital Jakarta. https://theconversation.com/can-women-have-it-all-working-and-mothering-in-indonesias-capital-jakarta-116284
Siegrist, J., Starke, D., Chandola, T., Godin, I., Marmot, M., Niedhammer, I., & Peter, R. (2004). The measurement of effort–reward imbalance at work: European comparisons. Social Science & Medicine, 58(8), 1483–1499.
Stoiko, R. R., & Strough, J. (2019). His and her retirement: Effects of gender and familial caregiving profiles on retirement timing. The International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 89(2), 131–150.
Suwadji, Y. T. (2024). Women in The Workforce: Positions & Policies. Pusat Pengembangan Kebijakan Ketenagakerjaan. https://pusbangjak.kemnaker.go.id/publication-details/women-in-the-workforce-positions--policies
Widodo, M. P. (2023). DETERMINAN PEKERJA LANJUT USIA DI PROVINSI DAERAH ISTIMEWA YOGYAKARTA (ANALISIS DATA SAKERNAS AGUSTUS 2022). Universitas Gadjah Mada.
Wiktorowicz, J., Warwas, I., Turek, D., & Kuchciak, I. (2022). Does generativity matter? A meta-analysis on individual work outcomes. European Journal of Ageing, 19(4), 977–995. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10433-022-00727-w
Wongkaren, T. S. (2012). Cultural model as an alternative approach to analyze familial transfers. [Honolulu]:[University of Hawaii at Manoa],[December 2012].
Adioetomo, S. M., Cicih, L. H. M., Asmanedi, & Toersilaningsih, S. (2018). Menjadi Lansia: Antara Anugerah dan Tantangan. In S. M. Adioetomo & E. L. Pardede (Eds.), Memetik Bonus Demografi Membangun Manusia Sejak Dini (1st ed., pp. 295–335). Rajawali Press.
Aqil, H. M. (2023). Kondisi Ketenagakerjaan Pekerja Lanjut Usia dan Perubahannya Saat Pandemi COVID-19 di Indonesia Menurut Jenis Pekerjaannya: Analisis Data Sakernas 2021. Jurnal Ketenagakerjaan, 18(1), 81–94. https://doi.org/10.47198/jnaker.v18i1.162
Baltes, P. B., & Baltes, M. M. (1990). Psychological perspectives on successful aging: The model of selective optimization with compensation. Successful Aging: Perspectives from the Behavioral Sciences, 1(1), 1–34.
Bappenas. (2021). Strategi Nasional Kelanjutusiaan (Perpres No.88 Tahu 2021).
Becker, G. S. (1991). A Treatise on the Family (Enl.). Harvard University Press.
Bengtson, V. L. (2016). How Theories of Aging Became Social: Emergence of the Sociology of Aging. In V. L. Bengtson & R. Settersten Jr (Eds.), Handbook of theories of aging (third). Springer Publishing Company.
Bengtson, V. L., & Settersten Jr, R. (2016). Handbook of theories of aging. Springer Publishing Company.
BPS. (2023). Statistik Penduduk Usia Lanjut 2023. BPS-RI.
Campbell, J. P., & Pritchard, R. D. (1976). Motivation theory in industrial and organizational psychology. In M.D.Dunnette (Ed.), Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology (pp. 63–130). Rand McNally.
Carr, E., Murray, E. T., Zaninotto, P., Cadar, D., Head, J., Stansfeld, S., & Stafford, M. (2018). The association between informal caregiving and exit from employment among older workers: Prospective findings from the UK household longitudinal study. Journals of Gerontology - Series B Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 73(7), 1253–1262. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbw156
Carstensen, L. L. (1992). Social and emotional patterns in adulthood: support for socioemotional selectivity theory. Psychology and Aging, 7(3), 331.
Carstensen, L. L. (2021). Socioemotional selectivity theory: The role of perceived endings in human motivation. The Gerontologist, 61(8), 1188–1196.
Choi, J., & Chen, C. C. (2006). Gender differences in perceived work demands, family demands, and life stress among married Chinese employees. Management and Organization Review, 2(2), 209–229.
Clark, A. E. (1997). Job satisfaction and gender: why are women so happy at work? Labour Economics, 4(4), 341–372.
Crompton, R. (2002). Employment, flexible working and the family. The British Journal of Sociology, 53(4), 537–558.
Doherty, M. (2009). When the working day is through: the end of work as identity? Work, Employment and Society, 23(1), 84–101.
Giddens, A. (1984). The constitution of society: Outline of the theory of structuration. Univ of California Press.
Gonzales, E., Marchiondo, L., Ran, S., Brown, C., Goettge, K., & Krutchen, R. (2021). Age discrimination in the workplace and its association with health and work: Implications for social policy.
Grzenda, W. (2023). How Does the Statutory Retirement Age Affect Older workers’ Employment in Relation to Individual and Work?Related Factors? Journal of Aging and Social Policy. https://doi.org/10.1080/08959420.2023.2284570
Hill, E. J., Erickson, J. J., Fellows, K. J., Martinengo, G., & Allen, S. M. (2014). Work and Family over the Life Course: Do Older Workers Differ? Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 35(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10834-012-9346-8
Huang, Q., & Gamble, J. (2015). Social expectations, gender and job satisfaction: Front?line employees in C hina’s retail sector. Human Resource Management Journal, 25(3), 331–347.
Hurtado, D. A., Hessel, P., & Avendano, M. (2017). The hidden costs of informal work: lack of social protection and subjective well-being in Colombia. International Journal of Public Health, 62, 187–196.
Kim, Y. S., Matytsin, M., & Freije-Rodriguez, S. (2019). Informal Employment and Worker’s Well-Being in the Russian Federation. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper, 8989.
Kollmann, T., Stöckmann, C., Kensbock, J. M., & Peschl, A. (2020). What satisfies younger versus older employees, and why? An aging perspective on equity theory to explain interactive effects of employee age, monetary rewards, and task contributions on job satisfaction. Human Resource Management, 59(1), 101–115.
Kooij, D., de Lange, A., Jansen, P., & Dikkers, J. (2008). Older workers’ motivation to continue to work: Five meanings of age: A conceptual review. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 23(4), 364–394. https://doi.org/10.1108/02683940810869015
Leung, A. S. M. (2003). Feminism in transition: Chinese culture, ideology and the development of the women’s movement in China. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 3(9), 359–374.
Locke, E. A. (1976). The nature and causes of job satisfaction. Handbook of Industrial and Organizational Psychology.
Loh, V., Hamilton, M., Baird, M., Zettna, N., Constantin, A., Andrei, D. M., Petery, G. A., & Parker, S. K. (2023). Money matters, but what else? Mature worker motives and the importance of gender, age, socioeconomic status and age-inclusive HR practices. Australian Journal of Management. https://doi.org/10.1177/03128962231176322
Loi, J. L. P., & Shultz, K. S. (2007). Why older adults seek employment: Differing motivations among subgroups. Journal of Applied Gerontology, 26(3), 274–289. https://doi.org/10.1177/0733464807301087
Mahmoud, A. B., Reisel, W. D., Grigoriou, N., Fuxman, L., & Mohr, I. (2020). The reincarnation of work motivation: Millennials vs older generations. International Sociology, 35(4), 393–414. https://doi.org/10.1177/0268580920912970
Mor-Barak, M. E. (1995). The meaning of work for older adults seeking employment: The generativity factor. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 41(4), 325–344. https://doi.org/10.2190/VGTG-EPK6-Q4BH-Q67Q
Mumpuni, I. D. (2015). Mengais Rezeki Di Usia Senja pada Orang Jawa. Universitas Gadjah Mada.
Munawaroh, T., Lestari, F., & Anwar, D. F. (2024). The effect of household poverty on the economic activity of the elderly in Indonesia. Working with Older People, 28(1), 20–30.
Nielsen, I., & Smyth, R. (2008). Job satisfaction and response to incentives among China’s urban workforce. The Journal of Socio-Economics, 37(5), 1921–1936.
Pagés, C., & Madrigal, L. (2008). Is Informality a good measure of job quality?: Evidence from job satisfaction data.
Pratap, S., & Quintin, E. (2006). Are labor markets segmented in developing countries? A semiparametric approach. European Economic Review, 50(7), 1817–1841.
Rasskazova, E., Ivanova, T., & Sheldon, K. (2016). Comparing the effects of low-level and high-level worker need-satisfaction: A synthesis of the self-determination and Maslow need theories. Motivation and Emotion, 40, 541–555.
Rijanta, R., Listyaningsih, U., & Amri, Y. (2022). Faktor sosial dan demografi yang berhubungan dengan pekerja lansia di Indonesia. Jurnal Litbang Sukowati: Media Penelitian Dan Pengembangan, 5(2), 1–11.
Rose, M. (2003). Good deal, bad deal? Job satisfaction in occupations. Work, Employment and Society, 17(3), 503–530.
Salsabila, A. H., & Handayani, H. R. (2021). Pengaruh Faktor Sosial Ekonomi Terhadap Keputusan Penduduk Lanjut Usia Untuk Bekerja (Studi Kasus Kota Semarang). Diponegoro Journal of Economics, 9(2), 91–104.
Setiadi, S., & Hidayah, S. (2021). Subjective Well-Being Amongst Older Women from Migrant and Non-Migrant Households in Rural Java, Indonesia. Journal of Population and Social Studies, 29, 459–478. https://doi.org/10.25133/JPSSV292021.029
Setyonaluri, D. H. (2019). Can women have it all? Working and mothering in Indonesia’s Capital Jakarta. https://theconversation.com/can-women-have-it-all-working-and-mothering-in-indonesias-capital-jakarta-116284
Siegrist, J., Starke, D., Chandola, T., Godin, I., Marmot, M., Niedhammer, I., & Peter, R. (2004). The measurement of effort–reward imbalance at work: European comparisons. Social Science & Medicine, 58(8), 1483–1499.
Stoiko, R. R., & Strough, J. (2019). His and her retirement: Effects of gender and familial caregiving profiles on retirement timing. The International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 89(2), 131–150.
Suwadji, Y. T. (2024). Women in The Workforce: Positions & Policies. Pusat Pengembangan Kebijakan Ketenagakerjaan. https://pusbangjak.kemnaker.go.id/publication-details/women-in-the-workforce-positions--policies
Widodo, M. P. (2023). DETERMINAN PEKERJA LANJUT USIA DI PROVINSI DAERAH ISTIMEWA YOGYAKARTA (ANALISIS DATA SAKERNAS AGUSTUS 2022). Universitas Gadjah Mada.
Wiktorowicz, J., Warwas, I., Turek, D., & Kuchciak, I. (2022). Does generativity matter? A meta-analysis on individual work outcomes. European Journal of Ageing, 19(4), 977–995. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10433-022-00727-w
Wongkaren, T. S. (2012). Cultural model as an alternative approach to analyze familial transfers. [Honolulu]:[University of Hawaii at Manoa],[December 2012].
Authors
Jamalludin, J., Pitoyo, A. J. and Listiyaningsih, U. (2024) “Do Economic Factors Still Correlate with Job Satisfaction Among the Elderly?”, Jurnal Ketenagakerjaan, 19(2), pp. 184–199. doi: 10.47198/jnaker.v19i2.380.
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